Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
Abstract
Vernacular architecture in each region reflects the interaction between humans, the natural environment, culture, and the livelihood patterns of its inhabitants. Vernacular housing in Central Baluchistan, as part of Iran’s architectural heritage, has evolved through a gradual process of adaptation to the hot and arid climate, tribal social structures, and the functional needs of local communities. This research aims to identify and analyze the functional characteristics of spaces, climatic responses, physical identity, and spatial relationships among different types of vernacular housing in this region. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, with data collected through field studies, surveys of 76 residential units across 38 selected villages in 11 counties, and analysis of spatial relationships among living, service, and livelihood areas. The findings indicate that vernacular housing in Central Baluchistan has developed diverse spatial patterns in response to three major factors: climate, livelihood, and culture. The use of indigenous materials such as adobe, stone, wood, and mud plaster, appropriate wall thickness, semi-open spaces including ivan, kapar, and kelleh, as well as wind-catching rooms, are among the most significant climatic adaptation strategies. Furthermore, the tribal social structure and livestock-based livelihood systems have played a crucial role in shaping spatial configurations, resulting in approximately 53% of residential units lacking physical enclosure, while service and livelihood spaces are dispersed around the living areas. In contrast, 47% of the units feature enclosed courtyards. The physical identity of these dwellings is shaped through the integration of color, ornamentation, rhythm, form, and traditional furniture, reflecting continuity with local handicrafts such as embroidery patterns. Overall, vernacular housing in Central Baluchistan can be considered to possess certain characteristics of sustainable and context-responsive architecture, which, through the utilization of indigenous knowledge, has established a balance between human needs, environmental conditions, and cultural values. Understanding these patterns can provide a foundation for developing contemporary rural housing design guidelines, preserving architectural identity, and enhancing thermal comfort in the region.
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