Analysis of the Effects of Tourism Development on the Livability of Rural Areas Case Study: Tourism Villages of Tarom County

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tabriz, Iran.

2 PhD in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tabriz, Iran.

3 PhD in Geography and Rural Planning, Forousi University of Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Rural development areas has faced many structural and functional challenges from the past until now, and various strategies have been proposed by the scientific community. One of these strategies, which has played an effective role in the livability of rural areas in the world, is the prosperity and development of tourism. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of tourism development on the livability of rural areas in Tarom County. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and library and field methods (questionnaire) have been used to collect information. The statistical population of this research is 10 tourist villages of Tarom County which were selected based on the report of the Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts Organization of the province. 337 households have been estimated to select the sample size using the Cochran's formula and to analyze the data using quantitative methods based on descriptive (mean) and inferential statistics (single sample t, multivariate regression and path analysis) and TOPSIS model (In order to compare the studied villages in terms of viability). Used. The results of this study show that in terms of tourism development indicators and the livability of rural areas, it has been in a favorable situation. It can also be said that the effects of tourism development on the livability of rural areas is about 69% positive. So that the most impact is related to the physical dimension with a total impact factor of 0.321 and the economic dimension with a total impact factor of 0.229 and the lowest effects are related to the environmental dimension with a total impact factor of 0.091.

Keywords


Akbari, M., Sarafi, M., Razavian, M., Talebian, M., (2019), The effects of street livability on the sustainability of urban tourism studied in Valiasr Street, Tourism and Development Quarterly, Iran Tourism Scientific Association, 9, (3), 61-71. https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JF/4014213990305.pdf
Alavizadeh, S. A. M, Kiumars, S., Ebrahimi, E. & Alipour, M. (2019). Analysis of livability of rural settlements (Case study: Villages of Kashmar County). Journal of Research & Rural Planning, 8(2), 97-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.73136
Aliai, M. (2019). Analysis of the role of rural tourism in the development of sustainable rural settlements. Human settlement planning studies, Islamic Azad University, Rasht branch,  15 (4), 1358-1345.https://ecoj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4997_f223b5390cde51afd0259443c1ce8d17.pdf
Alonso, A. D., & Nyanjom, J. (2016). Tourism, quality of life, and residents of a rural town. Tourism Analysis, 21(6), 617-629. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/3834/5/TA%2021%236%20pp%20617.pdf
Amiri, D., Janbaz Ghobadi, G., (2016), measuring and evaluating the role of tourism in the socio-cultural viability of Shahr Noor case study, the third international science and engineering conference, Institute of Idea Managers in the capital of Vira. https://civilica.com/doc/491920
Anabestani, A., Mahmoudi, H., (2016), Investigating the effect of religious tourism on improving the quality of life of villagers (case study: the area of influence of tourist attractions in Mashhad), Journal of Tourism Development Planning, Mazandaran University, 5, (18), 118-97.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1376_f4d8aa5c61a56198f54a42e42cc6878c.pdf
Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of tourism research, 32(4), 1056-1076. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathleen-Andereck/publication/222240098_Residents'_Perceptions_of_Community_Tourism_Impacts/links/5fa2e8e7299bf10f7322c5e8/Residents-Perceptions-of-Community-Tourism-Impacts.pdf
Appleyard, B., Ferrell, C. E., Carroll, M. A., & Taecker, M. (2014). Toward livability ethics: A framework to guide planning, design, and engineering decisions. Transportation Research Record, 2403(1), 62-71. https://doi.org/10.3141%2F2403-08
Balaban, O. (2012). The negative effects of construction boom on urban planning and environment in Turkey: Unraveling the role of the public sector. Habitat International, 36(1), 26-35. https://www.academia.edu/download/50657233/j.habitatint.2011.05.00320161201-9461-1pn5orl.pdf
Begdali, A., einali, J., Ghazan, Al, Abbasi, F. (2017), evaluation of the effects of second home tourism on the quality of life of permanent residents, a case study: Saeed Abad district, Ijroud city, Human Settlements Planning Studies, Islamic Azad University, Rasht branch, 13, (1), 199-216.https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JF/6005013974212.pdf
Bouzarjamehri, Kh., Esmaili, A., Rumyani, A. (2016), The role of indigenous knowledge of villagers in the livability of rural areas: a case study of Devin and Tokur villages in Shirvan city, Geography and Regional Urban Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, 7, (24) , 93-110.http://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/377556
Brunt, P., & Courtney, P. (1999). Host perceptions of sociocultural impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 493-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00003-1
Carmichael, B. A. (2006). Linking quality tourism experiences, residents’ quality of life, and quality experiences for tourists. Quality tourism experiences, 115-135.http://shora.tabriz.ir/Uploads/83/cms/user/File/657/E_Book/Tourism/Quality%20Tourism%20Experiences.pdf#page=138
Diedrich, A., & García-Buades, E. (2009). Local perceptions of tourism as indicators of destination decline. Tourism Management, 30, 512-521.https://www.academia.edu/download/46535725/j.tourman.2008.10.00920160616-12024-60exxx.pdf
Dwyer. L., Edwards D., Mistilis N., Roman C., and Scott N. (2009). Destination and enterprise management for a tourism future". Tourism Management, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 63–74/https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/7714/1/2007000068.pdf
Einali, J., Farahani, H., Cheraghi, M., Abbasi, F. (2017), Evaluation of the role of rural tourism in the sustainable development of local communities studied in the target villages of tourism in Zanjan province, Tourism and Development, Iran Tourism Scientific Association, 7, (2), 171-193 .http://www.itsairanj.ir/article_69467_73bc6ce66cfc778778e379841ed8ca6d.pdf
Einali, J., Ghasemlou, H., (2017), evaluation of the role of social capital in sustainable rural development with an emphasis on livability in the study of Chaipareh Bala-Zanjan district, Geography and Human Relations, Ayez Azmi, 1, (2), 220- 239. https://www.gahr.ir/article_70717_5ee5a318aa0a0290dfce14b69be36f47.pdf
Faiz, A., Faiz, A., Wang, W., Bennett, C., (2012). Sustainable rural roads for livelihoods and livability. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 53: 1 - 8.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812043169/pdf?md5=bd8358e09dec6916b293c7ecac8a640c&pid=1-s2.0-S1877042812043169-main.pdf
Ghadiri Masoum, M., Astelazhi, A., Pazouki, M. (2010), Sustainable tourism (rural and nomadic), Tehran University Press, Tehran.
Ghasemi, M. (2018), The role of tourism on the quality of life of rural households of religious tourism destinations (case study: Mashhad city), Journal of Geography and Regional Development, Mashhad Ferdowsi University, 17, (1), 53-89.https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_33257_34d57c4afe1accbf36b43bce215afae6.pdf
Gough, M. Z. (2015). Reconciling livability and sustainability: Conceptual and practical implications for planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(2), 145-160.http://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2015_VCU_Gough_Journal-of-Planning-Education-and-Research.pdf
Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79-105.https://www.academia.edu/download/52936238/s0160-7383_2801_2900028-720170502-5855-zf8npb.pdf
 Haley, A. J., Snaith, T., & Miller, G. (2005). The social impacts of tourism: A case study of bath, UK. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 647-668. https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/view/delivery/44SUR_INST/12138819190002346/13140460940002346
Huh, C., & Vogt, C. A. (2008). Changes in residents' attitudes toward tourism over time: A cohort analytical approach. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 446-455.http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1026.9421&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Imani, B., Yari, A., Asadpour, Zohra, (2018), Investigating the effects of rural tourism on the quality of life (case study: Creek village, Dana city), Geography (Regional Planning), Qeshm Institute of Higher Education, 9, (3), 321-334. http://www.jgeoqeshm.ir/article_92772_eba56b430e2dbfd7b2d952fb3c73aa22.pdf
Irandoost, K., Isa Lo, A., Shahmoradi, B. (2013), livability indicators in urban environments (case study: central part of Qom city), Economics and Urban Management, Scientific Association of Urban Management Economics, Qeshm Institute of Higher Education 14, (13) ), 101-118.http://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/354587
Jome’epour, M., Motiee Langerudi, S. H., Hajihosseini, S. & Salami Beirami, A. (2018). A survey of the environmental effects on the livability of rural areas (Case study: Villages of Buin Zahra County). Journal of Research & Rural Planning, 7(1), 39-56. https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article/view/53952/article_31117.html
Juanwen, Y., Quanxin, W., & Jinlong, L. (2012). Understanding indigenous knowledge in sustainable management of natural resources in China: Taking two villages from Guizhou Province as a case. Forest policy and economics, 22, 47-52. https://ir.nsfc.gov.cn/paperDownload/1000008127346.pdf
Karimi Kendzi, S., (1400), investigating the influence of the rural-agricultural tourism product on the quality of life of Natanz villagers, Entrepreneurship Strategies in Agriculture, Vice President of Research and Technology of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 8, (15), 89-99.https://jea.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-256-fa.pdf
Khorasani, M., Rezvani, M., (2012), measuring and evaluating livability components in rural peri-urban settlements (case study: Varamin city), Rural Development, University of Tehran, fifth volume, number 1, 89-110. https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JF/4012813920104.pdf
Kim, K., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. J. (2013). How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents? Tourism Management, 36, 527-540. https://www.academia.edu/download/34968346/Kim_Uysal_and_Sirgy_TM_36_2013.pdf
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Long, H., Cui, W., (2014). Community-based rural residential land consolidation and allocation can help to revitalize hollowed villages in traditional agricultural areas of China: evidence from Dancheng County, Henan Province. Land Use Policy 39, 188–198.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.016
Litman, T. (2011). Sustainability and livability: summary of definitions, goals, objectives, and performance indicators. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. https://www.vtpi.org/sus_liv.pdf
Liu, J., Nijkamp, P., Huang, X., & Lin, D. (2017). Urban livability and tourism development in China: Analysis of sustainable development by means of spatial panel data. Habitat international, 68, 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.02.005
Lowe, M., Whitzman, C., Badland, H., Davern, M., Hes, D., Aye, L., ... & Giles-Corti, W. (2013). Liveable, healthy, sustainable: What are the key indicators for Melbourne neighbourhoods?. Department of Health and Human Services. https://socialequity.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/1979574/Liveability-Indicators-report.pdf
Marp,(2012), What Is A "Livable" Community and Why Is It Important?, Meeting Older Adults’ Mobility Needs ‘Transit's Role in Livable Rural Communities.
Mathew, P. V., & Sreejesh, S. (2017). Impact of responsible tourism on destination sustainability and quality of life of community in tourism destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 83-89.http://orangerhino.ir/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Responsible-Tourism.pdf
May, A. (1996). Information Technology in Urban Planning. Routledge, London.
Mohammadi, S., Hoshangi, H., (2017), an analysis of the role of border markets in the viability of the rural areas of the case study: Khavomirabad and Dezli villages in the west of Kurdistan province, Geography and Urban-Regional Survey, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, 28, 69 -90.http://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/389536
Monazam Ismailpour, A., Shahvardi, H., Rumiani, A., Chehrazi, A. (2017), Prioritization of rural areas based on rural livability indicators (case study: Zagheh district, Khorramabad city) Human Settlements Planning Studies, Islamic Azad University, Rasht branch, 13, (4), 971-988.https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JF/6005013974510.pdf
Mwesiumo, D., Halfdanarson, J., & Shlopak, M. (2022). Navigating the early stages of a large sustainability-oriented rural tourism development project: Lessons from Træna, Norway. Tourism Management, 89, 104456. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517721001758
National Association of Regional Councils. (2010). Rural benefits of The Livable Communities Act. Available at: www.narc.com.
Ollenburg, C. (2006). Farm tourism in Australia: a family Business and rural studies perspective. Doctor of Philosophy Christian-Albrechts University of Keil (Germany) and Griffith University (Australia). https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/366281/02Whole.pdf?sequence=1
Peric, M., & Djurkin, J. (2014). Systems thinking and alternative business model for responsible tourist destination. Kybernetes, 43(3/4), 480–496. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-07-2013-0132
Pivcevic, S. (2005) Constraints and opportunities of agro-tourism development in the Republic of Croatia with the special stress on Sinj region. Presentation held at the Sixth International Conference on “Enterprise in Transition” in Bol, Croatia, May 2005. https://www.academia.edu/download/30023450/275455.full_paper_eitconf_smiljana_pivcevic.pdf
Qu, Y.B., Jiang, G.H., Zhao, Q.L., Ma, W.Q., Zhang, R.J., Yang, Y.T., (2017). Geographic identification, spatial differentiation, and formation mechanism of multifunction of rural settlements: a case study of 804 typical villages in Shandong Province, China. J. Cleaner Prod. 166 (11), 1202–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.120
Rizvani, M., Badri, S.A, Tarabi, Z., Malekan, A., Asghari, A. (2016), Evaluation of sustainable development of tourism in the rural areas of the suburbs of Tehran city (case study: Ahar village), Rural Research Quarterly, University of Tehran, 7 , (2), 286-299. http://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/362253
Rokuddin Eftekhari, A., Lotfi Mehrouieh, H., Portahiri, M., Talebi Fard, R. (2017), The role of retrofitting rural housing in the viability of villages, a case study: Mehrouieh District, Human Settlements Planning Studies, Islamic Azad University, Rasht branch, 13 , (3), 543-556.http://jshsp.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_545182_9335e64bbf1acd27913ac35a7c7e74e7.pdf
Rosentraub. M. S., and Joo M. (2009). Tourism and economic development: Which investments produce gains for regions? Tourism Management, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 759–770. https://www.academia.edu/download/50208251/j.tourman.2008.11.01420161109-12594-zt2rwh.pdf
Rousseau, G. (2010). FHWA livability overview. Office of human environment, FHWA, Washington DC.
Royo-Vela, M. (2009). Rural-cultural excursion conceptualization: A local tourism marketing management model based on tourist destination image measurement. Tourism management, 30(3),419-428. https://www.academia.edu/download/69610012/j.tourman.2008.07.01320210914-31937-d70e87.pdf
Sadeghlou, T., Sejasi Khedari, H., (2013), investigation of the relationship between the livability of rural settlements and the resilience of villagers against natural hazards in the rural areas of Merawa Tepe and Paliszan, Crisis Management Quarterly, Malik Ashtar University of Technology, 6 , 36-48.http://www.joem.ir/article_12750_8c62fd630c57a1c54b33829162068d75.pdf
Sejasi Khedari, H., Sadeghlou, T., Mahmoudi, H., (2018), Ranking of villages based on livability indicators, a case study of Nizam Abad district, Azadshahr city, Human Geography Research, University of Tehran,  51, (1), 129-144 . http://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/402851
Shamsuddin, S., Abu Hassan, N.R. and Bilyamin, S. F. (2012), Walkable Environment in Increasing the Livability of a City, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 50, 167-178.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812031631/pdf?md5=da53caef4905c21a42bac63ae8cf9994&pid=1-s2.0-S1877042812031631-main.pdf
Sheng, L., & Tsui, Y. (2009). A General Equilibrium Approach to Tourism and Welfare: the Case of Macao. Habitat International, 33(4), 419-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.01.002
Sutcliffe, L. F. R., Maier, A. M., Moultrie, J., & Clarkson, P. J. (2009). Development of a framework for assessing sustainability in new product development. In DS 58-7: Proceedings of ICED 09, the 17th International Conference on Engineering Design, Vol. 7, Design for X/Design to X, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 24.-27.08. 2009 (pp. 289-300). https://www.designsociety.org/download-publication/28789/Development+of+a+framework+for+assessing+sustainability+in+new+product+development
Vanzerr, M,(2011), Recommendations Memo , Livability and Quality of Life Indicators, recommendations memo , livability and quality of life indicators, at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236144445_Recommendations_Memo_2_Livability_and_Quality_of_Life_Indicators.
Votsi, N.E.P., Mazaris, a.D., Kallimanis, A.S., & Pantis. J.D. (2014). Natural quiet: an additional feature reflecting green tourism development in conservation areas of Greece. Tourism Management Perspectives, 11, 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.02.001
VTPI. (2010). Community livability: helping to create attractive, safe, cohesive communities.TDM encyclopedia. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, Canada.
Wang, S.X., Benjamin, F.Y., (2019). Labor mobility barriers and rural-urban migration in transitional China. China Econ. Rev. 53, 211–224. 10.1016/j.chieco.2018.09.006
Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., & Yu, M. (2019). Evaluation and determinants of satisfaction with rural livability in China’s less-developed eastern areas: A case study of Xianju County in Zhejiang Province. Ecological indicators, 104, 711-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.054
Woolcock, G. (2009). Measuring up?: assessing the liveability of Australian cities. 4th State of Australian Cities National Conference, 24-27 November 2009, Perth, Australia. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Geoffrey-Woolcock/publication/44001092_Measuring_Up_Assessing_the_Liveability_of_Australian_Cities/links/0deec5164ec5fded60000000/Measuring-Up-Assessing-the-Liveability-of-Australian-Cities.pdf
Wu, B., Liu, L., Carter, C.J., (2019). Bridging social capital as a resource for rural revitalisation in China? A survey of community connection of university students with home villages. J. Rural. Stud.https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/index.php/preview/2165815/bridging%20social%20capital.pdf
Xu, D., Deng, X., Guo, S., Liu, S., 2019. Labor migration and farmland abandonment in rural China: empirical results and policy implications. J. Environ. Manag. 232, 738–750.https://www.academia.edu/download/61012637/Labor_migration_and_farmland_abandonment_in_rural_China__Empirical_results_and_policy_implications20191024-33917-kg86w6.pdf
Yu, C. P., Cole, S. T., & Chancellor, C. (2018). Resident support for tourism development in rural midwestern (USA) communities: Perceived tourism impacts and community quality of life perspective. Sustainability, 10(3), 802. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/3/802/pdf
Yurui, L., Luyin, Q., Qianyi, W., & Karácsonyi, D. (2020). Towards the evaluation of rural livability in China: Theoretical framework and empirical case study. Habitat International, 105, 102241.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102241
Zangishe, K., Astelaji, A., Fallah Tabar, N., (2017), Explaining the viability of villages in the metropolitan area of Tehran (case study: Varamin city), Quarterly Journal of the Iranian Geographical Society, Geographical Society of Iran, 16, (58), 214-239. https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JF/40813975801.pdf
Zhangmao.(2009), The study on the evaluation index system for rural living standards. Science development. (7),56-63.
Ziaabadi, M., Zare Mehrjardi, M., Jalaei, A., Mehrabi Beshrabadi, H., (2015), Sustainable tourism using the combined index of sustainability and mathematical planning model, Applied Economic Theory, Tabriz University, 3, (2), 77 -100.
Zoto, S., Qirici, E. and Polena, E. (2013), Agrotourism - A Sustainable Development for Rural Area of Korca, European Academic Research, VOL. I, ISSUE 2/ MAY 2013, 209-223. https://www.euacademic.org/UploadArticle/15.pdf