Investigating the Distributed Causes of Urban Mobility and its Impact on Resilience in Ahvaz Metropolis

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Masters student of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting urban sprawl and its impact on livelihoods in Ahwaz metropolis. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The trend of land use changes showed that the amount of built-up area increased, and the area of ​​green and agricultural land uses and so on decreased. The results of Delphi method shows that economic, political-managerial, technological, social-cultural and natural- environmental factors have the most effect on the dispersal of Ahvaz city, respectively. Also, the results of the evaluation of the spillover effects on the biodiversity indices showed that spillover of the urban spill on the increase of the cost of public utilities and consequently the reduction of the quality of services, the weakness of urban service quality monitoring, environmental problems, security decline, public utilities, identity degradation and fragmentation. The landscape has been impressive. According to the results, zones 2 and 3 are very poor in terms of monitoring the quality of urban services and other areas of Ahvaz are in a very poor condition. Zones 2 and 3 of Ahvaz have been in moderate environmental condition, Zones 1 and 4 are low and other zones are very low in terms of livability. In terms of the scattered impact of urban overcrowding on reducing security to four levels of very low viability (areas 5, 6 and 7), low viability (areas 4 and 8), moderate viability (area 1) and high viability (areas 2 and 3) are divided. According to general urban uses, Ahvaz is divided into two categories of low and very low biodiversity, and areas 1, 2 and 3 are better than other areas. In terms of weakening urban identity and landscape, zones 2 and 3 are in the middle range of biodiversity, zone 1 is in the low range of biodiversity and other areas are in the low range of life.In the present study, for the first time, the factors affecting dispersal of the city and its impact on biodiversity are investigated.

Keywords

References

 
Abbasi, Jila (2016). Dispersed survey of urban development and the effective factors in its creation (case: Sanandaj city). Supervised by Gholamreza Malekshahi, Mazandaran University, Department of Geography and Urban Planning. https://research.uok.ac.ir/~kairandoost/ViewResearch.aspx?ResearcherID=117241  
Afrokhte, Hassan, Jalalian, Hamid, Anuri, Arzoo; & Manouchehri, Ayoub (2015). Analysis of the role of social capital in the viability of integrated villages in Miandoab city, Quarterly of Rural Development Strategies, Tarbiat Heydarieh University, 3(4), pp. 415-441. http://rdsj.torbath.ac.ir/article_43954.html  
Akbari, Majid; Bostan Ahmadi, Vahid; Mousavi, Seyyed Chamran; & Hajipour, Nazanin (2017). Assessing the livability of Shiraz metropolitan areas from the citizens' perspective, Quarterly Journal of Welfare and Social Development, No. 37, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, pp. 124-154.https://journals.atu.ac.ir/article_9899.html  
Ali Akbari, Esmail & Akbari, Majid (2015). The structural-interpretive model of factors affecting the livability of Tehran Metropolis, Journal of Space Planning and Development, Golestan Universit,21(1), pp. 1-30.https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-3785-fa.html  
Al-Thani, S. K., Amato, A., Koç, M., Al-Ghamdi, S. G. (2019). Urban sustainability and livability: An analysis of Doha’s urban-form and possible mitigation strategies, Sustainability, vol 11(3), 786.https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/3/786
Amanpour, Saeed, Gholami, Samia and Farhanaz Ghaffarzadeh (2014). Analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of the urban expansion of Shiraz city areas from 2006 to 2012, Quarterly Journal of Ecology Research, Tehran Payam Noor University. No. 1, pp. 111-126. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1389387   
Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health, Social science & medicine, vol 111, PP 64 -73. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953614002275
Barzegar, Sadegh, Heydari, Taghi, Anbar Lu, Alireza (2016). Analysis of informal settlements with a livability approach (case study: informal settlements of Zanjan city), Journal of Regional Planning, Maroodasht Islamic Azad University, 9(33), pp. 137-152. https://jzpm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_3429.html  
Cao, H., Liu, J., Fu, C., Zhang, W., Wang, G., Yang, G., Luo, L. (2017). Urban expansion and its impact on the land use pattern in Xishuangbanna since the reform and opening up of China. Remote Sensing, 9(2), 137.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/2/137 
Dadashpour, Hashem, Azizi, Daud, Asgharzadeh, Payman (2015). Measuring the livability capacity of urban neighborhoods in Tehran metropolis (case: Harandi, Takhti and Kausar neighborhoods), Journal of Geography and Urban Space Development, 3(2), serial No. 5, pp. 53-68.https://jgusd.um.ac.ir/article_25790.html  
Damour, C. B., Reitsma, F., Baiocchi, G., Barthel, S., Güneralp, B., Erb, K. H., Seto, K. C. (2017). Future urban land expansion and implications for global croplands, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(34), 8939-8944. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28028219/
Faiz, A., Faiz, A., Wang, W., Bennett, C. (2012). Sustainable rural roads for livelihoods and livability, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol 53, PP 1-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257717415_Sustainable_Rural_Roads_for_Livelihoods_and_Livability
Faramarzi, Mahsa, Babaei Fini, Omosalameh; & Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Jafari (2017). Analyzing the role of Islamic political economy on urban livability (case study: Zanjan city), Quarterly of Urban Research and Planning, Islamic Azad University Maroodasht Branch, 9(35), pp. 83-96.https://jupm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_3297.html  
Farhamand, Ghasem (2014). Analyzing the environmental effects of city growth and expansion (case: Urmia city). Supervised by Saeed Maleki, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Department of Geography and Urban Planning. https://www.virascience.com/thesis/849401/
Geshkov, M. (2015). Urban sprawl in Eastern Europe. The Sofia City example. Economic Alternatives, 2, 101-116.
Ghafarian Bahreman, Mohammad; Parizadi, Taher; Shammai, Ali; Khatibizadeh, Mohammad Reza; & Shahavar, Amin (2015). Spatial analysis of the livability of urban neighborhoods (Case: District 18 of Tehran), Quarterly of Environmental Research, Iran Environmental Assessment Association, 7(14), pp. 45-58.
Ghasemi, K., Hamzenejad, M., Meshkini, A. (2018). The spatial analysis of the livability of 22 districts of Tehran Metropolis using multi-criteria decision making approaches, Sustainable cities and society, vol 38, PP 382-404. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324140999_The_spatial_analysis_of_the_livability_of_22_districts_of_Tehran_Metropolis_using_multi-criteria_decision_making_approaches
Ghorbani Rasoul, Nowshad, Somayyeh (2007). Smart growth strategy in urban development, principles and solutions. Journal of Geography and Development. Serial No. 12, pp. 163-180.https://gdij.usb.ac.ir/article_1248.html  
Givehchi, Saeed & Ghanavati, Reza (2013). Analyzing the physical expansion pattern of Ahvaz city using Shannon's entropy model, National Conference on Urban Planning, Urban Management and Sustainable Development, Tehran - Iranian Institute, Iranian Architectural Association, pp. 1-17. https://civilica.com/doc/360781/  
Gough, M. Z. (2015). Reconciling livability and sustainability: Conceptual and practical implications for planning, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(2), 145-160. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2015_VCU_Gough_Journal-of-Planning-Education-and-Research.pdf
Habibian, Bahar & Pourahmad, Ahmad (2017). Evaluating factors affecting people's satisfaction with Ahvaz city parks with the satisfaction-importance model, Journal of Spatial Planning Scientific Research, Isfahan University, 8(2), pp. 60-80. https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_22911.html   
Hajipour, Nazanin, (2016). Comparative spatial analysis of selected indicators of urban livability in Ahvaz metropolis (case study: Kian Pars, Golestan, and Sepidar neighborhoods). Supervised by Saeed Amanpour, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Department of Geography and Urban Planning. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1389387  
Hatami, Hossein; Rezvani, Mohammad Reza; Khosravi Kordestani, Fariba (2013). Assessing the livability of the two cities of Sanandaj, Journal of Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards, 1(4), Khorazmi University of Tehran, pp. 23-37. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1572306   
Hesam, Mehdi; Pourahmad, Ahmed; &Ashour, Hadiseh (2011). Environmental effects of the horizontal expansion of the city, a case study: Gorgan city, Journal of Environmental, University of Tehran,39(3), pp. 91-104. https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_35892.html  
Higgs, C., Badland, H., Simons, K., Knibbs, L. D., Giles-Corti, B. (2019). The Urban Liveability Index: developing a policy-relevant urban liveability composite measure and evaluating associations with transport mode choice, International journal of health geographics, vol 18, PP1-25. https://ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12942-019-0178-8
Houshmand Sharifi, Toktam (2015). Analyzing the effects of the horizontal expansion of the city on agricultural lands (case study: Neishabur city). Supervised by Mehdi Zanganeh, Hakim Sabzevari University, Department of Geography and Urban Planning. https://elmnet.ir/article/21083162-36151/  
Howley, P., Scott, M., and Redmond, D. (2009). Sustainability versus liveability: an investigation of neighbourhood satisfaction, Journal of environmental planning and management, vol 52(6), PP 847-864.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09640560903083798?journalCode=cjep20 
http://www.iraneiap.ir/article_45237.html  
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335715340_Assessing_and_Representing_Livability_through_the_Analysis_of_Residential_Preference
Hu, F. X., & Hu, X. J. (2015). Construction on evaluation index system of urban livability. In Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 1065, pp. 2808-2813.
Irandoust, Kiyomars; Isalo, Ali Asghar; & Shahmoradi, Behzad (2014). Livability indicators in urban environments (case: the central part of the holy city of Qom), Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management, 4(13), Tehran, pp. 101-118. https://www.sid.ir/paper/240294/fa  
Jumapour, Mahmoud & Tahmasabi Tehrani, Shahrazad (2012). Explaining the level of livability and quality of life in the villages around the city (a case study of the central part of Shahriar city), Quarterly of Physical-Spatial Planning, Tehran Payam Noor University, 1(3), pp. 50-60. https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2169.html  
Karakayaci, Z. (2016). The concept of urban sprawl and its causes. Journal of International Social Research, Vol 9, Issue: 45,pp 815-818. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307443639_THE_CONCEPT_OF_URBAN_SPRAWL_AND_ITS_CAUSES
Kashef, M. (2016). Urban livability across disciplinary and professional boundaries.  Frontiers of Architectural Research, vol 5(2), PP 239-253. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209526351630005X
Khorasani, Mohammad (2015). A reflection on biology, assessment, and approaches, Journal of Research in Arts and Humanities, 1(2), pp. 9-15. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_31442.html
Khorasani, Mohammad Amin, Rezvani, Mohammad Reza (2012). Recognizing and analyzing the difference in the livability of the villages around the city in Varamin city, Quarterly of Space Economy and Rural Development, Tehran Khwarazmi University, 2(4), pp. 55-74. https://civilica.com/doc/684419/  
Khorasani, Mohammad Amin, Rizwani, Mohammad Reza, Moulai Qalichi, Mohammad (2014). Analysis of the effect of individual variables on the perception of livability in villages around the city (case study: Varamin city), Journal of Geography and Regional Development, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 13(2), pp. 159-181. https://serd.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=1659&sid=1&slc_lang=fa  
Kovacs-Györi, A., Cabrera-Barona, P., Resch, B., Mehaffy, M., & Blaschke, T. (2019). Assessing and representing livability through the analysis of residential preference. Sustainability, 11(18), 4934.
Leby, J. L., Hashim, A. H. (2010). Liveability dimensions and attributes: Their relative importance in the eyes of neighborhood residents. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, vol15 (1), PP 67-91. http://web.usm.my/jcdc/vol15_1_2010/JCDC%20Vol%2015(1)%20ART%204%20(67-91).pdf
Liu, J., Nijkamp, P., Huang, X., Lin, D. (2017). Urban livability and tourism development in China: Analysis of sustainable development by means of spatial panel data. Habitat international, vol 68, PP 99-107. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20173333635
Lyanda, A., Ojetunde, I., Fabunmi, F., Adeogun, A. S., Mohit, M. A. (2018). Evaluating Neighborhoods Livability in Nigeria: A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Approach. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability Ijbes, 5(1), PP 47-55. https://ijbes.utm.my/index.php/ijbes/article/view/245
Majedi, H., Mahdiniya, M. H. (2017). Biophilic planning new approach in sustainability (Proposing conceptual model of livable city). International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability, vol 1(2), 26-41.
Mehranjani, M. S., and Mansoori, T. (2016). Stereological study on the effect of vitamin C in preventing the adverse effects of bisphenol a on rat ovary. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 14(6), 403. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971555/
Mehrkesh, Reyhaneh; Sabri, Hamid; Momeni, Mehdi; & Azani, Mehri (2018). Explanation of effective physical factors on the livability of urban areas (case study: districts of Isfahan city), Journal of Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), Institute of Geography, 7(2), pp. 429-411. https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_73012.html  
Mousavi Nour, Seyyed Ali; Varsi, Hamidreza; & Mohammadi, Jamal (2017). The application of multi-criteria decision-making models in measuring the viability of Tehran metropolitan areas, Journal of Geography and Regional Development, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 16(12), pp. 243-269. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_33174.html  
Nazmfar, Hossein & Montazer, Faramarz (2015). The pattern of horizontal expansion of the city, its causes, typology, characteristics, dimensions, consequences, and background in Iran, the third scientific research conference of modern horizons in the sciences of geography and planning, architecture and urban planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.https://civilica.com/doc/505516/   
Nihal, S., Reyhan, Y., Tayfun, Salihoglu. (2013). Livability of Different Housing Settlements, Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, vol 101.
Nikpour, Amer; Lotfi, Sedigheh; & Rezazadeh, Morteza (2016). Analysis of the relationship between the city form and the accessibility index under study: Babolsar city, 7th year, 3rd issue, Quarterly of Spatial Planning Research, University of Isfahan, Vol. 3, pp. 85-106. https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_22535.html  
Omuta, G. E. (1988). The quality of urban life and the perception of livability: A case study of neighbourhoods in Benin City, Nigeria. Social Indicators Research, vol 20(4), PP 417-440.https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/soinre/v20y1988i4p417-440.html
Onnom, W., Tripathi, N., Nitivattananon, V., Ninsawat, S. (2018). Development of a liveable city index (LCI) using multi criteria geospatial modelling for medium class cities in developing countries, Sustainability, vol 10(2), 520. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/2/520
Osama Ahmed, N., El-Halafawy, Amr M., Mohamed Amin, A. (2019). A Critical Review of Urban Livability, European Journal of Sustainable Development, ISSN: 2239-5938.
Pandey, R. U., Garg, Y. K., Bharat, A. (2013). Understanding qualitative conceptions of livability: An Indian perspective, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol 2(12), PP 374-380.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299411010_UNDERSTANDING_QUALITATIVE_CONCEPTIONS_OF_LIVABILITY_AN_INDIAN_PERSPECTIVE
Polidoro, M., Lollo, J., Vizintim., M. (2011). Environmental impacts of urban sprawl in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, 5(2):73-83.https://www.jstor.org/stable/26203359
Prakasa, D. T., Soemardiono, B., & Defiana, I. (2018). Theoretical Review Effect and Solution of Urban Sprawl J. Eng. Sci, 7, 47-58. https://theijes.com/papers/vol7-issue5/Version-3/F0705034758.pdf
 Pravitasari, A. E., Rustiadi, E., Mulya, S. P., Setiawan, Y., Fuadina, L. N., Murtadho, A. (2018). Identifying the driving forces of urban expansion and its environmental impact in Jakarta-Bandung mega urban region, In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 149, No. 1, p 012044.https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..149a2044P/abstract
Qian, Y., Wu, Z. (2019). Study on urban expansion using the spatial and temporal dynamic changes in the impervious surface in Nanjing, Sustainability, 11(3), 933. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/3/933
Rakhshani Nesab, Hamidreza & Neiri, Nasser (2016). Assessing the status of urban livability indicators from the citizens' point of view (case study: the five regions of Zahedan city), Journal of Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchistan, No. 27, pp. 55-74. https://gaij.usb.ac.ir/article_4090.html  
Rashidi Ebrahim Hesari, Asghar; Movahhed, Ali; Tolai, Simin; Mousavi, Mir Najaf (2015). Spatial analysis of Tabriz metropolitan area with a livability approach, Quarterly of Geographical Space Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch, 16(54), pp. 155-176. https://www.sid.ir/paper/508444/fa   
Saitluanga, B. L. (2014). Spatial pattern of urban livability in Himalayan Region: A case of Aizawl City, India, Social indicators research, 117(2), 541-559. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257664383_Spatial_Pattern_of_Urban_Livability_in_Himalayan_Region_A_Case_of_Aizawl_City_India
Sajjadi Qidari, Hamdollah, Roumiani, Ahmad, Sanaei, Somayyeh (2015). Investigating the effects of the implementation of rural leadership projects on the viability of local communities (Case: Gisvan and Chorzak Districts in Zanjan Province), Quarterly of Spatial Planning (Geography), University of Isfahan, 6(2), pp. 75-96. https://www.sid.ir/paper/223680/fa  
Sasanpour, Farzaneh; Tolai, Simin; Jafari Asadabadi, Hamzeh (2013). The livability of cities in the direction of sustainable urban development (Tehran metropolis), Quarterly of the Iranian Geographical Society, 12(42), pp. 129-157. https://www.sid.ir/paper/150341/fa  
Sasanpour, Farzaneh; Tolai, Simin; Jafari Asadabadi, Hamzeh (2013). Measuring and evaluating urban livability in twenty and two regions of Tehran metropolis, Journal of Regional Planning, Islamic Azad University, Maroodasht Branch, 5(18), pp. 27-42.https://jzpm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_766.html  
Schouten, M. A. C., Mathenge, R. W. (2010). Communal sanitation alternatives for slums: A case study of Kibera, Kenya. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 35(13-14), 815-822. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223438536_Communal_sanitation_alternatives_for_slums_A_case_study_of_Kibera_Kenya
Senetra., A, Szczapańska., A. Wasilewicz-Pszczół kowska., M. (2014). Analysis of changes in the land use structure of developed and urban areas in Eastern Poland. Nicolaus Copernicus University Press, pp. 219–230. https://apcz.umk.pl/BGSS/article/view/bog-2014-0024
Shammai, Ali; Sasanpour, Farzaneh; Soleimani, Mohammad; Ahad Nejad, Mohsen; Haidari, Taghi (2015). Analysis of the viability of worn-out urban tissues (case: Zanjan city), Journal of Human Geography Research Quarterly, University of Tehran, No. 4, pp. 799-783. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_53481.html  
Shamsuddin, S., Hassan, N. R. A., Bilyamin, S. F. I. (2012). Walkable environment in increasing the liveability of a city. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 167-178. https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/418776
Sinha., S. K, Shekhar., R, (2017), Problems and Development of Slums: A Study of Delhi and Mumbai” in Sustainable Smart Cities in India.
Slaev, A. D., Nikiforov, I. (2013). Factors of urban sprawl in Bulgaria. Spatium, (29), 22-29.
Sofeska, E. (2017). Understanding the livability in a city through smart solutions and urban planning toward developing sustainable livable future of the city of Skopje. Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol 37, PP 442-453.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029617300142
Song, Y. (2011). A livable city study in China using structural equation models. Department of statistics Uppsala University, vol41, 23-46.
Tardast, Zahra; Nikseresht, Mehdi; Meshkini, Abolfazl (2018). Explaining the spatial organization pattern of urban livability (case example: Ilam city), Journal of Urban Structure and Function Studies, Mazandaran University, 6(20), pp. 105-125. https://shahr.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_2281.html    
Terfa, B. K., Chen, N., Liu, D., Zhang, X., Niyogi, D. (2019). Urban expansion in Ethiopia from 1987 to 2017: characteristics, spatial patterns, and driving forces. Sustainability, 11(10), 2973.https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/10/2973 
Wilson., B, Chakraborty, A., (2013). The Environmental Impacts of Sprawl: Emergent Themes from the Past Decade of Planning Research. Sustainability 2013, 5, 3302-3327. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/5/8/3302
Yan, Y., Zhou, R., Ye, X., Zhang, H., Wang, X. (2018). Suitability evaluation of urban construction land based on an approach of vertical-horizontal processes. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(5), 198. https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/5/198
Yari Gholi, Vahid: Ahad Nejad Roshti, Mohsen; Sajjadi, Jila; & (2018). Investigating the place of urban livability in urban development plans (case study: Zanjan city master plan), Journal of Geography, 16(59), Tehran, pp. 106-93. https://www.sid.ir/paper/382418/fa   
Zhan, D., Kwan, M. P., Zhang, W., Fan, J., Yu, J., Dang, Y. (2018). Assessment and determinants of satisfaction with urban livability in China, Cities, vol 79, PP 92-101. http://www.sssampling.cn/down/2018Zhan%20DS-Cities.pdf
Zhang, W., Li, W., Zhang, C., Hanink, D. M., Liu, Y., & Zhai, R. (2018). Analyzing horizontal and vertical urban expansions in three East Asian megacities with the SS-coMCRF model. Landscape and Urban Planning, vol 177,PP 114-127.
Zhang, W., Li, W., Zhang, C., Ouimet, W. B, (2017), Detecting horizontal and vertical urban growth from medium resolution imagery and its relationships with major socioeconomic factors, International journal of remote sensing, vol 38(12), PP3704-3734.
Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement
Volume 13, Issue 46
March 2023
Pages 143-176

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 06 July 2022
  • Revise Date: 24 December 2022
  • Accept Date: 19 February 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics